In this book, we try to provide a practical, down-to-earth guide for those who are involved in language learning and teaching. We hope that this book will be a useful reading for those who would like to incorporate higher-order thinking skills (HOTS)-enhancing techniques in their teaching practice. We set out from the position that, although it is hardly doubtful that it is at the heart of education, critical thinking is in reality often not given its due attention in pedagogy, particularly in language education. This book offers readers some practical advice on how to implement HOTS in their own practice. It has been written to take the reader through each technique with the ultimate goal of promoting HOTS step-by-step.
In the introductory chapter, we present an overview of the theory behind HOTS, its definition, its relation to Bloom's Taxonomy, its two dimensions (critical thinking and reflective thinking), and the ideas of some influential thinkers in this area. The subsequent chapters present six HOTS-enhancing techniques that classroom teachers can draw from, namely graphic organizers, critical discourse analysis, argumentation, emotion regulation and emotional intelligence enhancing techniques, reflective journals, and mindfulness-based strategies.
As the book draws on a wide-ranging review of literature with exercises for direct use with language learners, we hope that this provides both theoretical and practical support for the teaching process to help language learners become effective critical thinkers.
The compilation of the ideas in this book took us a long time, over a decade. Something that takes such a long time requires much engagement and life experience; so did this book.
1. Introduction to critical and reflective thinking.- 2. Graphic organizers.- 3. Critical discourse analysis.- 4. Argumentation.- 5. Emotion regulation practices.- 6. Reflective journals. Dr. Afsaneh Ghanizadeh, Imam Reza International University, The English Language Department, Mashhad, Iran.
Dr. Ali H. Al-Hoorie, Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu, The English Language and Preparatory Year Institute, Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia.
Dr. Safoura Jahedizadeh, Imam Reza International University, The English Language Department, Mashhad, Iran.
