The art of tyranny involves aspirants taking and keeping uninhibited, arbitrary power over others. Benito Mussolini is among the world’s most recognizable tyrants with his scowl, jutting jaw, bald dome, booming voice, chopping fists, squat body, and wide stance. He founded the Fascist movement dedicated to transforming Italy’s liberal democracy into a regime that mingled authoritarianism, nationalism, populism, corporatism, vigilantism, and imperialism with himself the all-powerful ‘Duce’ or leader. By threatening to march on Rome with his Blackshirt militia, Mussolini bullied King Victor Emmanuel III into naming him prime minister. He ruled Italy from 30 October 1922 until 25 July 1943, achieving supreme power just thirteen months after taking power. With an overwhelming legislative majority, he issued decrees and had laws approved that granted him dictatorial powers, outlawed all political parties except for his Fascist Party, and jailed or drove into exile most of his opponents. Yet Mussolini’s dictatorship was limited as the king remained the head of state with the latent power to dismiss him as prime minister backed by the need and courage to do so. That time eventually came. Until the war years, most Italians enthusiastically embraced Mussolini’s dictatorship because his economic and nationalist policies boosted their living standards, hope, and pride. Mussolini oversaw a corporatist economy where the state partnered with industrial, agrarian, labour, and energy groups to expand production, productivity, wages, and quality of life. Yet, Mussolini ultimately failed catastrophically as a tyrant when he tried to fulfil his promise to make Italy as great a modern imperial nation as the ancient Roman empire. The series of military disasters that Italy’s military suffered eventually turned even his closest supporters against him. On 25 July 1943, the Fascist National Council voted 19 to 8 with 1 abstention that he resign. Later that day, King Victor Emmanuel III sum
